A fundamental transformation took place in physics in the first thirty years of the 20th century. The developments that caused this monumental upheaval involved the formulation of two dramatically new theories.
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MODULE 7: The Theory of Relativity.
MODULE 8: Criticism and Counterproposals to the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory.
A fundamental transformation took place in physics in the first thirty years of the 20th century. The developments that caused this monumental upheaval involved the formulation of two dramatically new theories. The first was a theory of space, time and motion, called relativity. The second was a theory of the nature of matter and the forces acting on it. The latter was rooted in Max Planck’s observation that electromagnetic radiation is emitted in discrete packets, or quanta. In the 1920s this “quantum theory” was developed into general quantum mechanics. The author of this book played a leading role in the early formulation of quantum mechanics and in the subsequent elucidation of its revolutionary implications. Readers who know anything about quantum mechanics will know that the famous “uncertainty principle”, a key element of quantum physics, bears Heisenberg’s name.
Lecturer: Werner Karl Heisenberg
Nobel Prize winner Werner Heisenberg was born in 1901 in Wuertschberg, Germany.
He studied physics at the University of Munich and for his doctorate he wrote a thesis on turbulence in fluid streams.
Interested in Nils Bohr’s description of the planetary atom, Heisenberg studied under Max Born at the University of Göttingen and then, in 1924, went to the Universitets Institut for Teoretisk Fysik in Copenhagen, where he studied under Bohr.
In 1925 he published a paper entitled “On the Quantum-Theoretical Reinterpretation of Kinetic and Mechanical Relations”, in which he proposed a reinterpretation of the basic concepts of mechanics, followed by the publication of the Uncertainty Principle in 1927.
In the same year he became professor at the University of Leipzig and held this position until 1941, when he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics in Berlin.
After the war he organised and directed the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in Göttingen and later, in 1958, moved to Munich.
As a public figure, he actively promoted the peaceful use of atomic energy and, in 1957, led other German scientists in opposing the move to equip the West German army with nuclear weapons.
In 1970 he became director emeritus of the Max Planck Institute.
Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932 and received many other honours. He died in 1976.
His books:
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